Dysferlin is a muscle-specific protein that is essential for normal muscle function and development (1). Mutations in the human dysferlin gene, DYSF, which maps to chromosome 2p13.3-p13.1, are associated with limb girdle muscular dystrophy-2B (LGMD-2B) and a related, adult-onset, distal dystrophy known as Miyoshi myopathy (MM) (1,2). Dysferlin localizes to the muscle fiber membrane, but is absent in MM and LGMD-2B muscle (1,3). Dysferlin is detected in 5-6 week embryos, when limbs begin to f

The protein encoded by this gene is a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to form the secreted opioid peptides beta-neoendorphin, dynorphin, leu-enkephalin, rimorphin, and leumorphin. These peptides are ligands for the kappa-type of opioid receptor. Dynorphin is involved in modulating responses to several psychoactive substances, including cocaine. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 20

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the dual specificity protein phosphatase subfamily. These phosphatases inactivate their target kinases by dephosphorylating both the phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine residues. They negatively regulate members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily (MAPK/ERK, SAPK/JNK, p38), which is associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. Different members of the family of dual specificity phosphatases show disti

This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that catalyzes the conversion of uridine residues to dihydrouridine in the D-loop of tRNA. The resulting modified bases confer enhanced regional flexibility to tRNA. The encoded protein may increase the rate of translation by inhibiting an interferon-induced protein kinase. This gene has been implicated in pulmonary carcinogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2012]

FASN (Fatty Acid Synthase) is a central enzyme in de novo lipogenesis. FAS is a target for SREBP and is upregulated by LXR activation; it is also one of the accepted markers for insulin resistance, SREBP and LXR activation.

Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) is a member of a new class of non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (PTK) characterized by the presence of a second phosphotransferase-related domain immediately N-terminal to the PTK domain. The second phosphotransferase domain bears all the hallmarks of a protein kinase, although its structure differs significantly from that of the PTK and threonine/serine kinase family members. JAK1 is a large, widely expressed membrane-associated phosphoprotein. It is involved in the