HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis and is regulated via a negative feedback mechanism mediated by sterols and non-sterol metabolites derived from mevalonate, the product of the reaction catalyzed by reductase. Normally in mammalian cells this enzyme is suppressed by cholesterol derived from the internalization and degradation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) via the LDL receptor. Competitive inhibitors of the reductase induce the expression of LDL recepto

The enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase) is a lipid kinase that generates phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-triphosphate in response to receptor activation in many signal transduction pathways. Class IA PI3Ks exist as a heterodimer of a catalytic 110 kDa (p110) and a regulatory p85 subunit (e.g. p85 alpha). p85 alpha is an adaptor molecule that regulates the activity of the catalytic p110 subunit by binding to phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) through its SH2 domain and

This gene encodes the human ortholog of chicken YAP protein which binds to the SH3 domain of the Yes proto-oncogene product. This protein contains a WW domain that is found in various structural, regulatory and signaling molecules in yeast, nematode, and mammals, and may be involved in protein-protein interaction. [provided by RefSeq].

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell nucleus where they act as transcription activators. This protein is activated through phosphorylation in response to various cytokines and growth factors including IFNs, EGF, IL5, IL6, HGF, LIF and BMP2. This protein mediates the express

The protein encoded by this gene binds copper and zinc ions and is one of two isozymes responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. The encoded isozyme is a soluble cytoplasmic protein, acting as a homodimer to convert naturally-occuring but harmful superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The other isozyme is a mitochondrial protein. Mutations in this gene have been implicated as causes of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Rare transcript vari

phosphorylated at the Thr-Pro-Tyr phosphorylation motif instead of the characteristic MAP kinase Thr-Glu-Tyr motif. JNK2 (p54a, SAPK1a), along with JNK1 and JNK3, is thought to play an important role in nuclear signal transduction through its environmental stress activation and subsequent phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor p53.